{"id":54,"date":"2022-04-28T17:21:39","date_gmt":"2022-04-28T17:21:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.ro\/?page_id=54"},"modified":"2022-05-17T09:25:44","modified_gmt":"2022-05-17T09:25:44","slug":"orasul-inteligent","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/?page_id=54","title":{"rendered":"Ora\u0219ul Inteligent"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ce este ora\u0219ul inteligent?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eOra\u0219ele inteligente sunt un fenomen recent, dar emergent, ce urm\u0103re\u0219te s\u0103 utilizeze tehnologii \u00eenalte \u0219i \u00een special tehnologia informa\u021biei \u0219i comunica\u021biilor pentru a implementa condi\u021bii de via\u021b\u0103 mai bune \u00een metropolele mari, pentru a implica cet\u0103\u021benii \u00een guvernarea local\u0103 \u0219i pentru a sprijini dezvoltarea economic\u0103 sustenabil\u0103 \u0219i atractivitatea ora\u0219ului.&nbsp; Obiectivul final este \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea calit\u0103\u021bii vie\u021bii urbane pentru to\u021bi actorii\u201d (Dameri and Benevolo 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Utilizarea tehnologiilor de calcul pentru a construi componentele de infrastructur\u0103 critic\u0103 \u0219i serviciile unui ora\u0219 \u2013 care includ administra\u021bia, educa\u021bia, s\u0103n\u0103tatea, siguran\u021ba public\u0103, imobiliarele, transportul \u0219i utilit\u0103\u021bile \u2013 mai inteligente, interconectate \u0219i eficiente.&nbsp;(Washburn and Sindhu n.d.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eOra\u0219ele inteligente sunt cunoscute pentru dinamica uman\u0103, care utilizeaz\u0103 recurent dispozitive conectate, adesea cunoscute ca \u0219i Internetul Lucrurilor (IoT)\u201d (Costa and Santos 2016)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eTermenul de ora\u0219 inteligent este perceput ca o abilitate intelectual\u0103 de a gestiona multiple aspecte inovative socio-tehnice \u0219i socio-economice ale dezvolt\u0103rii\u201d (Zygiaris 2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eConceptul [de ora\u0219 inteligent] este&nbsp; conexiune organic\u0103 \u00eentre componente tehnologice, umane \u0219i institu\u021bionale\u201d (Nam and Pardo 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eOra\u0219ele inteligente \u2013 sunt ca \u0219i organismele care dezvolt\u0103 un sistem nervos artificial, ce le permite s\u0103 se comporte \u00eentr-un mod inteligent \u0219i coordonat.&nbsp; Noua inteligen\u021b\u0103 a ora\u0219elor se reg\u0103se\u0219te apoi \u00een combina\u021bia efectiv\u0103 a re\u021belelor digitale de telecomunica\u021bii (nervii), inteligen\u021ba omniprezent\u0103 (creierele), senzori \u0219i erichete (organele senzitive) \u0219i solu\u021biile software (cunoa\u0219terea \u0219i competen\u021ba cognitiv\u0103)\u201d (Chourabi, et al. 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eAceste probleme, \u0219i altele, pot fi gestionate prin adoptarea unor solu\u021bii scalabile care utilizeaz\u0103 tehnologia informa\u021biilor \u0219i comunica\u021biilor (ICT) pentru a reduce costurile \u0219i a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi calitatea vie\u021bii.&nbsp; Ora\u0219ele care au aceast\u0103 abordare, denumite \u00een general Ora\u0219e Inteligente sau Comunit\u0103\u021bi Inteligente \u0219i Conectate, un concept discutat \u0219i dezb\u0103tut adesea \u00een planificarea urban\u0103 \u0219i cercurile de politici globale\u201d (Falconer and Mitchell 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eOra\u0219ul Inteligent este un concept \u00een care cet\u0103\u021benii, obiectele, utilit\u0103\u021bile, etc., se conecteaz\u0103 \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 facil\u0103 utiliz\u00e2nd tehnologii omniprezente, pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi semnificativ calitatea vie\u021bii \u00een mediile urbane ale secolului 21\u201d (R. P.-S. Dameri 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eIBM define\u0219te un Ora\u0219 mai Inteligent ca unul care optimizeaz\u0103 utilizarea tuturor informa\u021biilor interconectate disponibile azi pentru a \u00ee\u0219i \u00een\u021belege \u0219i controla opera\u021biunile \u0219i a \u00ee\u0219i optimiza utilizarea resurselor limitate\u201d (M. Kehoe 2011)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eOra\u0219ul Inteligent se refer\u0103 la un ora\u0219 unde ICT \u00eent\u0103re\u0219te libertatea de expresie \u0219i accesibilitatea informa\u021biei \u0219i serviciilor publice\u201d (Anthopoulos 2011)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eOra\u0219ul inteligent urm\u0103re\u0219te sustenabilitate, calitatea vie\u021bii \u0219i echitate social\u0103 prin design \u0219i inovare tehnologic\u0103.&nbsp; [&#8230;] Ora\u0219ele sunt sisteme de sisteme \u00een care apar oportunit\u0103\u021bi de introducere a unor sisteme neuronale digitale, r\u0103spunsuri inteligente \u0219i optimizare la fiecare nivel al integr\u0103rii sistemelor \u2013 de la dispozitive \u0219i echipamente individuale [&#8230;] p\u00e2n\u0103 la vl\u0103diri \u0219i \u00een final la \u00eentregi ora\u0219e \u0219i regiuni urbane\u201d (Mitchel n.d.). Universitatea Tehnic\u0103 din Viena p\u0103streaz\u0103 \u00een 2014 modelul creat \u00een anul 2007, prin care definea ora\u0219ul inteligent ca un ora\u0219 cu performan\u021be bune \u00een 6 domenii [economie, mobilitate, guvernan\u021b\u0103, stil de via\u021b\u0103, popula\u021bie \u0219i mediu], construit pe combina\u021bia \u201einteligent\u0103\u201d de dot\u0103ri \u0219i activit\u0103\u021bi ale cet\u0103\u021benilor auto-decisivi, independen\u021bi \u0219i con\u0219tien\u021bi.&nbsp;(Technical University Vienna 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"714\" src=\"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-1.png 975w, https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-1-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-1-768x562.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><figcaption>Modelul Ora\u0219elor Inteligente propus de Universitatea Tehnic\u0103 din Viena &#8211; sursa &#8211; consultant<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen 2014, Organiza\u021bia Na\u021biunilor Unite, prin ITU-T (International Communication Unit) define\u0219te ora\u0219ele <strong>Inteligente \u0219i sustenabile <\/strong>ca ora\u0219ele inovative care utilizeaz\u0103 tehnologia informa\u021biei \u0219i comunica\u021biilor \u0219i alte mijloace pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi calitatea vie\u021bii, eficien\u021ba serviciilor urbane \u0219i competitivitatea, asigur\u00e2nd totodat\u0103 c\u0103 sunt \u00eendeplinite nevoile genera\u021biilor prezente \u0219i viitoare<strong><em> \u00een domeniile economic, social, de mediu \u0219i cultural. (ITU-T Telecomunication Standardization Sector of Internatuional Telecomunication Union 2014)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Este evident\u0103 diferen\u021ba de viziune \u0219i abordare \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 defini\u021bii.&nbsp; Principala diferen\u021b\u0103 vine din centrarea abord\u0103rii pe tehnologie (\u00een cazul ITU-T), respectiv ora\u0219 (TUV).&nbsp; Practic, ITU introduce dou\u0103 caracteristici suplimentare \u00een defini\u021bia ora\u0219elor inteligente, respectiv tehnologia \u0219i infrastructura, probabil din dorin\u021ba de a da greutate componentei de tehnologie \u0219i infrastructur\u0103 din procesul de proiectare, dezvoltare \u0219i implementare a ora\u0219elor inteligente.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Un ora\u0219 inteligent este un ora\u0219 care \u00ee\u0219i mobilizeaz\u0103 \u0219i utilizeaz\u0103 resursele disponibile (inclusiv capitalul cultural, social, financiar, resursele naturale informa\u021biile \u0219i tehnologia informa\u021biei) pentru cre\u0219terea eficien\u021bei \u00een:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u00cembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea calit\u0103\u021bii vie\u021bii locuitorilor, muncitorilor naveti\u0219ti, studen\u021bilor \u0219i altor vizitatori<\/li><li>Utilizarea resurselor, reducerea presiunii asupra mediului \u0219i cre\u0219terea rezilien\u021bei<\/li><li>Dezvoltarea unei economii (preferabil verzi) bazate pe inovare<\/li><li>Adop\u021bia unei democra\u021bii locale bine dezvoltate.&nbsp;(Bosch, \u0219i al\u021bii 2017)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ora\u0219ele inteligente sunt sisteme de oameni care interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu \u0219i utilizeaz\u0103 fluxurile de energie, materiale, servicii \u0219i finan\u021be pentru a cataliza dezvoltare sustenabil\u0103 \u0219i rezilien\u021b\u0103 economic\u0103 \u0219i o calitate ridicat\u0103 a vie\u021bii;&nbsp; aceste fluxuri \u0219i interac\u021biuni devin inteligente prin utilizarea strategic\u0103 a infrastructurilor de informa\u021bii \u0219i comunica\u021bii \u00eentr-un proces transparent de planificare urban\u0103 \u0219i management care r\u0103spunde la nevoile economice \u0219i sociale ale societ\u0103\u021bii.&nbsp; (European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities, Strategic Implementation Plan 2013)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen viziunea (Cohen 2015), adoptat\u0103 de (Lima, et al. 2020), de-a lungul istoriei implement\u0103rii conceptului de Ora\u0219 Inteligent, au existat deja trei genera\u021bii de ora\u0219e inteligente, clasificarea pornind de la orchestratorul principal, respectiv focus-ul dezvolt\u0103rii \u0219i implement\u0103rii, astfel:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol type=\"1\"><li>Ora\u0219ele Inteligente 1.0 \u2013 centrate pe tehnologie, unde orchestratorul este, \u00een general un furnizor sau integrator de tehnologie, care propov\u0103duiau impactul pe care tehnologia \u00eel poate avea asupra transform\u0103rii ora\u0219elor \u00een medii excep\u021bionale, \u00eenalt tehnologizate \u0219i eficiente pentru investitori, antreprenori \u0219i furnizori de solu\u021bii.&nbsp; Principala caracteristic\u0103 a acestor ora\u0219e este c\u0103 furnizorii de tehnologie se lupt\u0103 s\u0103 conving\u0103 ora\u0219ele s\u0103 adopte solu\u021biile lor tehnice, adesea \u00een ora\u0219e care nu erau preg\u0103tite pentru implica\u021biile utiliz\u0103rii solu\u021biilor asupra actorilor locali sau calit\u0103\u021bii vie\u021bii majorit\u0103\u021bii cet\u0103\u021benilor.&nbsp; Principalele probleme sunt reprezentate de lipsa de viziune a administratorilor publici \u0219i dificult\u0103\u021bi de integrare ale fluxurilor curente de interac\u021biune cu cet\u0103\u021benii \u00een modelele informatice\/tehnologice cu arhitecturi g\u00e2ndite de furnizor, din perspectiv\u0103 strict tehnic\u0103.&nbsp; De\u0219i au pornit primele la drum \u0219i au reprezentat exemple de bune practici la un moment dat \u00een istorie, aceast\u0103 categorie de ora\u0219e inteligente reprezint\u0103, \u00een prezent, exemple de insucces, datorit\u0103 viziunii limitate \u0219i lipsei de interes a cet\u0103\u021benilor, pentru care nu a fost creat\u0103 o valoare ad\u0103ugat\u0103 semnificativ\u0103.&nbsp; Santander este primul ora\u0219 european care a implementat un astfel de concept, \u00eens\u0103 a migrat abordarea spre modelul 2.0 prezentat \u00een continuare.&nbsp; Alb\u0103 Iulia, de\u0219i intrat recent \u00een lumea ora\u0219elor inteligente este un exemplu de implementare nesustenabil\u0103 a unor solu\u021bii Smart City din genera\u021bia 1.0.<\/li><li>Ora\u0219ele Inteligente 2.0 \u2013 centrate pe municipalitate, bazate pe tehnologie, unde orchestratorul este, \u00een general, municipalitatea, prin city-manageri sau primari vizionari sprijini\u021bi de departamente de inovare.&nbsp; Aceste ora\u0219e rezolv\u0103 probleme ale comunit\u0103\u021bii, cu ajutorul tehnologiei.&nbsp; Rezultatele implement\u0103rii acestui model de ora\u0219 inteligent se r\u0103sfr\u00e2nge direct \u0219i pozitiv asupra calit\u0103\u021bii vie\u021bii popula\u021biei \u0219i turi\u0219tilor\/vizitatorilor.&nbsp; Abordarea este adesea bazat\u0103 pe proiecte, unele ora\u0219e identific\u00e2nd direc\u021bii multiple \u00een care s\u0103 optimizeze ora\u0219ul cu ajutorul tehnologiei.&nbsp; Majoritatea ora\u0219elor inteligente func\u021bionale la nivel global au aceast\u0103 abordare.&nbsp; Cel mai relevant exemplu \u00eel reprezint\u0103 Barcelona, cu peste 100 proiecte distincte \u00een zona Smart City, care \u00eencep s\u0103 func\u021bioneze integrat.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Ora\u0219ele inteligente 3.0 \u2013 centrate pe cet\u0103\u021beni, unde procesul de co-creare este pozi\u021bionat \u00een centrul dezvolt\u0103rii inteligente a ora\u0219ului.&nbsp; Implicarea cet\u0103\u021benilor \u00een proiectele Smart City contribuie la dezl\u0103n\u021buirea creativit\u0103\u021bii acestora conduc\u00e2nd la cre\u0219terea gradului de cooperare \u00een ecosistemul local, dezvoltarea economiei locale \u0219i \u00eent\u0103rirea premiselor pentru cooperare. Sunt exemplele de ora\u0219e sustenabile, care \u021bin cont de nevoile \u0219i preferin\u021bele cet\u0103\u021benilor \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i modeleaz\u0103 instrumentele \u0219i procesele \u00een func\u021bie de specificul local.&nbsp; Viena, unul dintre ora\u0219ele cu cea mai bun\u0103 calitate a vie\u021bii la nivel mondial este exemplul de Ora\u0219 Inteligent 3.0.&nbsp; Participarea cet\u0103\u021benilor ca \u0219i co-creatori ai numeroaselor proiecte de dezvoltare urban\u0103 durabil\u0103 este unul dintre factorii esen\u021biali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen cadrul proiectului CityKeys, finan\u021bat de Comisia European\u0103 prin programul Orizont 2020,  a fost identificat\u0103 ca idee comun\u0103 a majorit\u0103\u021bii defini\u021biilor utilizarea metodelor, proceselor, solu\u021biilor digitale \u0219i tehnologiilor inovative ca facilitatori ai unui mediu urban sustenabil.&nbsp;(Huovila, et al. 2017)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"396\" src=\"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-3.png 975w, https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-3-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-3-768x312.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><figcaption>Dimensiunile ora\u0219elor inteligente &#8211; prelucrare consultant dup\u0103 (Huovila, et al. 2017)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Evalu\u00e2nd principalele defini\u021bii ale ora\u0219elor inteligente, precum \u0219i 15 defini\u021bii date public de ora\u0219e cu aspira\u021bii \u0219i rezultate \u00een zona de dezvoltare inteligent\u0103, (Neumann, \u0219i al\u021bii 2015), identific\u0103 principalele cuvinte cheie \u00een defini\u021bia ora\u0219elor inteligente ca fiind:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"902\" height=\"527\" src=\"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-4.png 902w, https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-4-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/image-4-768x449.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 902px) 100vw, 902px\" \/><figcaption>Principalele cuvinte cheie utilizate \u00een definirea ora\u0219elor inteligente, , prelucrarea consultantului dup\u0103 Neumann, et al., 2015<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ce este ora\u0219ul inteligent? \u201eOra\u0219ele inteligente sunt un fenomen recent, dar emergent, ce urm\u0103re\u0219te s\u0103 utilizeze tehnologii \u00eenalte \u0219i \u00een special tehnologia informa\u021biei \u0219i comunica\u021biilor pentru a implementa condi\u021bii de via\u021b\u0103 mai bune \u00een metropolele mari, pentru a implica cet\u0103\u021benii \u00een guvernarea local\u0103 \u0219i pentru a sprijini dezvoltarea economic\u0103 sustenabil\u0103 \u0219i atractivitatea ora\u0219ului.&nbsp; Obiectivul final [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/54"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=54"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/54\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":179,"href":"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/54\/revisions\/179"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/baiamaresmartcity.cspace.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=54"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}